Litharollo tse Atlehang tsa PET tsa Plastic Cosmetic Packaging tsa 2025

Ke 2025, 'mephutheloana ea polasetiki ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapengha se feela ho tšoara sehlahisoa sa hau—e tšoara moeli pakeng tsa hore na ke mang ea tšoasang moreki le ea nyamelang ka morao. Ka ho hlaka ha khalase, likhetho tse nang le mohopolo oa eco joalo kaPCRho kopanya, le ho itloaetsa ho lekaneng ho etsa hore moqapi a lle ka thabo,PETe se e le sebetsa se seng sa lekunutu sa indasteri bakeng sa mabitso a batlang setaele ka bobelilebotsitso.

Taba ke hore bareki ha ba sa thetsoa. Ba bala lileibole tse kang mangolo a lerato—ba batla matšoao ao u a tsotellang ho feta mekhahlelo ea phaello feela. Joale haeba u ntse u ts'oarehile ka linkho tsa clunky kapa li-plastiki tse makatsang ho tloha 2018? E kanna ea ba nako ea ho nahana bocha hore na sephutheloana sa hau se reng pele sehlahisoa sa hau se buloa.

Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa ho Shine: Tataiso ea 2025 ea PET Plastic Packaging

Crystal Clarity e Hlōla: E benyangPETMaterial e fana ka pheletso e hlakileng haholo, e kang ea khalase e phahamisang boteng ba lishelefo le ho matlafatsa ts'epo ea bareki.

Boipiletso ba Eco-Smart: PCR PETHo paka leRecycled PET Plasticthusa lihlahisoa ho ikamahanya le lipheo tsa ts'ebetso ha li ntse li boloka bareki ba amehileng ka tikoloho ba tšoarehile.

Fast & Flexible Manufacturing: TheMokhoa oa PET ThermoformingleEnte Sephatlo Moldingfana ka lebelo, theko e tlaase, le ho feto-fetoha ha moralo ho mefuta eohle ea lijana.

Moralo oa hosane: Ho tloha ho Li-additives tsa Biodegradable ho ea ho Custom Mold Design, litharollo tse tšoarellang tsa ho paka li tsamaisa boqapi ka mokhoa le ts'ebetso.

Ho tloha ho Sprays ho ea ho li-Serum: Ebang keSerum Drop Bottlekapa e tiilengPompo e se nang Moea, liphutheloana tsa polasetiki tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li tšehetsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa litlolo ka setaele le ts'ebetso.

Kamoo 80% ea Lits'ebetso li Amohelang Packaging ea Pet Plastic ka 2025

Ke hobane'ng ha lihlahisoa tse ngata li qhomela holim'aphutheloana ea polasetiki ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapengterene? E potlakile, e tenyetseha, 'me e loketse bokamoso. Mona ke kamoo e fetolang tsohle ka 2025.

Tlhahiso e phatlalalitsoeng ka Virgin PET Resin

  • Ho hlaka ho lumellanang le matla a tsoang hoMoroetsana PET Resinthusa Brands ho qoba likoli le ho fokotsa litšila.
  • E sebetsang hantletlhahisomela e bolela tieho e fokolang le likarolo tse betere.
  • Liketane tse tšepahalang tsa phepelo ea lefats'e li boloka ts'ebetso e tsitsitse le nakong ea ho phahama ha tlhokahalo.
  1. Taolo ea boleng e bonolo ka thepa e tloaelehileng.
  2. Ho bopa ka potlako ho bolela nako e potlakileng ea ho ea raka.
  3. Litefiso tse tlase tsa ho hana li ntlafatsa maemo a tlase.

✓ E bobebe empa e thata - ke boipiletso ba PET ea moroetsana tlhahisong ea boleng bo holimo.

Ka mabelo a maholo, ha ho letho le fetang ho bolela esale pele eaMoroetsana PET Resinbakeng sa ho boloka phutheloana e thella, e tšoarella, 'me e ts'oana ho li-SKU.

Ho tloha ho litlolo ho ea ho lino tse tahang, bahlahisi ba itšetlehile ka eona bakeng sa motsoako oa eona o ke keng oa hlōloa: ho hlaka, ho tšoarella, le ho boloka litšenyehelo. Ke ka lebaka lenaTopfeelpacke sebelisa ho fana ka boleng bo tsitsitseng nako le nako.

 

Ho Amohela Plastiki ea PET e Recycled bakeng sa Lihlahisoa tsa Eco-Conscious

Sustainability ha se ntho e monate feela - ea rekisa. Mefuta e meng e fetohela hoRecycled PET Plastic, eseng feela bakeng sa PR e ntle empa hobane bareki ba e lebeletse hona joale.

• E etsa boipiletso ka kotloloho ho bareki ba hlokomelang tikoloho ba ratang dihlahiswa tse nang le tshwaetso e tlase
• E boloka polasetiki e potoloha nako e telele ka har'amokhoa oa ho tsosolosa
• Ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa thepa e tala ha nako e ntse e ea

Lihlahisoa tsa Eco-conscious le tsona li fumana litifikeiti tse tala tse matlafatsang boipiletso ba lishelefo.

Melemo e Kopantsoeng:
- Tšusumetso ea Tikoloho: E fokotsa sekhahla sa khabone ka 79% ha e bapisoa le resin ea moroetsana.
- Tšehetso ea Circular Economy: E khothaletsa litsamaiso tse koetsoeng moo libotlolo li fetohang libotlolo hape.
- Consumer Demand Match: Tobetsa likarolo tse ntseng li hola tse etelletsang pele botsitso ho feta theko.

Ha bareki ba bangata ba ntse ba hlahlobisisa mangolo a ho paka, ho sebelisa litaba tse nchafalitsoeng ho fetoha boikhethelo - joalo ka mafura a tlamang a lebitso.

Phetoho e potlakileng ka PET Thermoforming Process

Lebelo le bohlokoa ha lihlahisoa li fetoha ka bosiu bo le bong. TheMokhoa oa PET Thermoforminge hahiloe bakeng sa agility:

1️⃣ Ho phethela moralo ho nka matsatsi ho fapana le libeke ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tse potlakileng tsa prototyping.
2️⃣ Mould o ka fetisoa kapele ntle le ho emisa potoloho eohle ea tlhahiso.
3️⃣ Linako tse khutšoane tsa ho etella pele li bolela hore likhoebo li lula li le ka pele ho linako tsa selemo kapa ho eketseha ha tlhokahalo ea vaerase.

Mona ke kamoo phetoho e bapisoang le mekhoa eohle:

Mofuta oa Ts'ebetso Avg Tooling Nako Lead time Tšebeliso ea Litšenyehelo
Ho Bopa ka Ente Libeke tse 4-6 Nako e telele Mahareng
Fokotsa Molding Libeke tse 2-4 Mahareng Phahameng
Thermoforming (PET) <1 beke Ka potlako Holimo Haholo

Ka libopeho tse tloahelehileng tse ka khonehang ka lebelo la lehalima, thermoforming e u lumella ho lekola lifomate tse ncha ntle le ho tlola tekanyetso kapa linako - e loketseng mebaraka e tsamaisoang ke tloaelo joalo ka botle kapa lino tsa bophelo bo botle.

Lisebelisoa tse fapaneng: Libotlolo tsa Spray tsa PET ho Lipompo tse se nang Moea

Lihlahisoa tse fapaneng li hloka mahae a fapaneng - mme ke moo ho feto-fetoha ha maemo hoPET Spray Bottles, linkho,methapo, esita le e boreleliLipompo tse se nang Moeae khanya ka ho fetisisa:

• Bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea letlalo? Lipompompo tse se nang moea li boloka liforomo li le ncha ka ho qobakgahlamelo ya moya.
• Bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa? Li-sprays tse tsoang ho PET tse matla empa tse bobebe li etsa mosebetsi hantle.

Lisebelisoa tse Hlophisitsoeng:
- Botle le Skincare: Li-serum, lotion ka lifomate tse se nang moea li thibela tšoaetso.
- Tlhoekiso ea Malapeng: Libotlolo tsa spray tse tšoarellang ha li khone ho mamella lik'hemik'hale.
- Lisebelisoa tsa Lijo le Seno: Hlakola libotlolo tse nyane tse loketseng li-sauces kapa li-supplement ha u ntse u tsamaea.
- Lihlahisoa tsa Bohloeki ba Motho: Ho tloha ho li-sanitizer tsa letsoho ho isa ho li-shampoo tsa boholo ba maeto - kaofela li rua molemo ho meralo e sa keneng.

Mokhoa ona oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo o kopana le litebello tse ntseng li eketseha tsa bareki ho potoloha ts'ebetso le sebopeho ha o ntse o hokahana le mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea branding e hokahaneng haufi le lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang hape joalo ka.phutheloana ea polasetiki ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapenglikarolo ho pholletsa le lihlopha.

Ka ho ikamahanya le maemo ka potlako le likhetho tse bohlale tse kang tsena, li-brand ha li tsamaee hantle feela - li theha mekhoa eo ba bang ba batlang ho e latela pele 2025 e otla ka thata.

Mabaka a Mararo a ho Khetha Pet Plastic Packaging

Na u batla ho paka lintho tse nchocho, tse tšoarellang, le tse sebetsang hantle ka sepache? Mona ke lebakaSephutheloana sa polasetiki sa PETe tšoaea mabokose ohle a nepahetseng.

Lebaka la 1 - Qetella ka ho hlaka ka Glossy PET Material

  • Qetello e hlakileng haholoe fa sehlahiswa sa hao molemo wa shelofo—e tshwana le HD bakeng sa ho paka.
  • Seolintho tse benyang tsa PETha e benye feela; ea rekisa. E hula mahlo 'me e etsa hore mebala e phalle.
  • E ikhethangponaletso, bareki ba khona ho bona hantle hore na ba fumana eng—ha ho na ho hakanya, ha ho ntho e makatsang.
  • Brands pushing high-end skincare kapa gourmet sauces rata boemo bona baboipiletso ba pono.
  • Ha se feela ka chebahalo le hona. Ho hlaka hoa ntlafatsatlhahiso ea lihlahisoa, ho etsa hore esita le lintho tse tloaelehileng li ikutloe e le tsa bohlokoa.

Lebaka la 2 - Tšebelisano e tsitsitseng ea PCR PET Packaging

Ha re e hlaloseng:

  1. Ho sebelisaPCR PETe bolela hore polasetiki e sa sebetseng e fokotsehile—e sebelisoang hape e ngata, e fokotse litšila.
  2. E lumellana le litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsaphuthelo e tsitsitseng, haholoholo ho tsoa ho Gen Z le Lilemo tse Sekete.
  3. Brands ka bapatsa tšebeliso ea bona eaPET e nchafalitsoeng ka mor'a bareki, ho matlafatsa ts'epo ea eco hang hang.
  4. E ts'ehetsa lipheo tsa moruo oa selikalikoe ha e ntse e fana ka thepa e matla ea lithibelo.
  5. Ho latela tlaleho ea McKinsey's April 2024, "72% ea bareki ba re ba khetha lihlahisoa tse sebelisang thepa e ka sebelisoang hape kapa e sebelisoang hape."
  6. Ee, o ntse o ka fumana chebahalo eo e boreleli ha o ntse o le mosa ho polanete - hello,sephutheloana eco-friendlyhlotse-hlotse.

Lebaka la 3 - Tlhahiso e theko e tlaase ka Ente ea Blow Molding

E sebetsa tjena:

Mohato oa pele: Qhibiliha li-pellets tsa resin ka foromo ea preform u sebelisa mekhoa ea ente.
Mohato oa bobeli: Fetisetsa preform eo ho hlobo e otlang moo khatello ea moea e e bopang hore e be sebopeho sa eona sa ho qetela.
Mohato oa boraro: E pholise 'me u e ntše - e felile! U na le botlolo e seng e loketse ho tlala.

Ts'ebetso ena e boloka litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa li le tlase mme e potlakisa linako tsa potoloho haholo. Ka lebaka la mokhoa ona o sebetsang hantle, li-brand li natefeloa ke ho boloka chelete e ngata ho li-run tse ngata ntle le ho tela boleng kapa ho tsitsa-e leng phaello e kholo ha ho eketsoa tlhahiso ka meeli e thata.

'Me kaha u sebelisa optimizedts'ebetso ea tlhahiso, u boetse u fokotsa litšila le tšebeliso ea matla nakong ea tlhahiso-bonase e poteletseng empa e nang le moelelo e tsitsitseng e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ka boeona.

Ka ho kopanya ho hlaka, ho tšoarella, le ho khoneha,phutheloana ea polasetiki ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapenge fana ka mahlakoreng 'ohle - ntle le ho itšehla thajana moo e leng bohlokoa haholo.

Packaging ea Plastiki ea Pet e Tšireletseha Hakae?

Sephutheloana sa polasetiki sa PET se ntse se fetoha ka potlako. Ho tloha ho ts'ebetsong ea eona ho isa ho meralo e bohlale ea eco, ke sena se e etsang hore e be lets'oao lefats'eng la ts'ebetso.

Tlhahlobo ea Lifecycle ea Recyclable PET Material

  • PET e ka sebelisoang hapelibotlolo lia bokelloa, lia hloekisoa, lia siloa ebe li qhibilihisoa hore e be lihlahisoa tse ncha—mokhoa ona o tletseng selikalikoe o fokotsa tšebeliso ea polasetiki e sa tsoa tsoaloa.
  • E fokotsaphokotso ya mohlodi, ho boloka thepa e entsoeng ka petroleum.
  • Matla a sebelisoang ho recycle a tlase haholo ho feta ho hlahisa polasetiki e ncha.

Mokhoa oa bophelo o laoloang hantle o boetse o fokotsakhabone ea maoto, haholo-holo ha e tsamaisoa ke mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng.

Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng hoSaense ea Tikoloho le Thekenoloji(2024) o fumane seoPET e nchafalitsoenge fana ka ho fihla ho 60% e tlase ea likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ha li bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea pele. Phetoho ena e tšehetsa amoruo o chitja, moo litšila li seng li senyehile—e se e le mohloli oa hosasane.

Melemo ea PCR PET Packaging ka 2025

  1. Brands sebelisaPCR PETboloka chelete e ngata ho tsoa - ba bang ba fokotsa ho feta 40% ea tlhahiso ea bona ea CO₂ ka ho fetola lipolasetiki tsa khale.
  2. E lumellana hantle le tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea bareki bakeng sa ho paka ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng.
  3. E boloka lisebelisoa tsa ka morao ho ts'ebeliso ntle le lits'oants'o tsa lithōle, e koala sekoti holim'a litšila.

Ho latela NielsenIQ's 2025 Green Consumer Report, "Lihlahisoa tse pakiloeng ka litaba tse nchafalitsoeng ka morao ho bareki li feta bahlolisani ka 22% ho khetho ea bareki."

Ka ho kopaho sebelisoa hape ka mor'a barekilitharollo hona joale, lik'hamphani ha li hlahlobe mabokose feela - li paka setšoantšo sa mofuta oa tsona nakong e tlang ha li ntse li bapala karolo ea 'nete ho fokotsang.senyale ho phahamisabotsitso.

Ho ntlafatsa PET ka li-Biodegradable Additives

• Ho kenya metsoako e bohlale joalo ka lintho tse bakang li-enzymatic kapa li-oxo-degradable agents ho potlakisa ho senyeha ntle le ho senya bophelo ba lishelefo.
• Lintlafatso tsena ha li fetole polokeho ea sehlahisoa empa li matlafatsa tšebelisano ea nako e telele ea tikoloho.
• Maemong a manyolo, metsoako e ntlafetseng e bontša ho fihla ho 50% ka lebelo la ho qhalana ho feta lipolasetiki tse sa hloekisoang.

Le ha PET ea setso e ntse e tsoela pele ka lilemo tse makholo, lintlafatso tsena li sutumelletsa ho bola haufi le kemiso ea nako ea tlhaho — ntle le ho hloka lisebelisoa tsa manyolo a indasteri nako le nako. Seo se bolela liphello tse molemo bakeng sa maoatle le mobu ka ho tšoana.

Biodegradability ha e nke sebaka sa ho sebelisoa hape-empa e eketsa ts'ireletso moo ho sa sebetseng hape. Ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele hok'hemistri ea polymer, li-plastiki tse fetotsoeng kajeno li ka sebetsa le ho tšoarela polanete.

Ho theha tharollo ea Eco-friendly PET

Maano a Hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa Moralo o Bohlale:

Phokotso ea Lintho

  • Sebelisa marako a masesaane ntle le ho senya matla
  • Kopanya lipokotho tsa moea kapa lipaterone tsa ribbing bakeng sa ho tšoarella

Recyclability e ntlafetseng

  • Qoba lidae tse mebala tse silafatsang melapo e sebelisoang hape
  • Khomarela meralo ea mono-material-ha ho na likarolo tse tsoakaneng tse ferekanyang theknoloji ea ho hlopha

Monahano o chitja

  • Sephutheloana sa moralo se reretsoeng tšebeliso e ngata
  • Kenyelletsatlatsa hapelitsamaiso kapa ho koaloa ha modular

Lethathamo: Papiso ea Tšusumetso - Mekhoa ea setso vs Eco-Friendly PET

Sebopeho PET ea setso Eco-friendly Redesign Phokotso ea Liphello (%)
Kakaretso ea Boima ba Boitsebiso (g) 25 18 28
Sekhahla sa ho Recycling (%) 35 62 +77
Khabone (kg CO₂e) 1.2 0.7 -42

Ho theha lebili ka bohlale ha se taba ea ho nchafatsa lebili - ke taba ea ho le lokisa ho fihlela le ntlafala le ho feta ho pholletsa le liketane tsa thepa lefatšeng ka bophara. Ha lihlahisoa tse ngata li amohela li-tweaks tsena, esita le lintho tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang libotlolo tsa metsi li na le molato o fokolang oa tikoloho ha li ntse li etsa mosebetsi oa tsona hantle.

Mme ho joalo-Topfeelpacko kene mokhatlong ona hape, o hlahisa lifomate tsa botlolo tse boima bo bobebe tse ntseng li ts'oara tlas'a khatello ha li ntse li sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fokolang ka kakaretso.

Lipotso ka Packaging ea Pet Plastic

Ke eng e etsang hore sephutheloana sa polasetiki sa PET e be ntho e ratoang haholo bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa litlolo?
Tsohle li mabapi le chebahalo le maikutlo. Qetello ena e hlakileng ea kristale e tsoang ho PET e benyang hang-hang e hohela tlhokomelo lishelefong tse phetheselang. E khantša leseli ka tsela e nepahetseng—joaloka khalase, empa e se na boima kapa bofokoli. Ho feta moo, e bapala hantle hoo e batlang e le mofuta o mong le o mong oa setshelo: e telelelibotlolo tsa lotion, e borelelili-droppers tsa serum, e bile e ahlamelinkho tsa tranelate. 'Me ha lihlahisoa li batla ho ba tala? PCR (post-consumer recycled) PET e nyoloha ntle le ho tela botle.

Na liodara tse kholo li ka sebelisa thepa e tsosolositsoeng ntle le tahlehelo ea boleng?

  • E—Recycled PET Plastic e itšoarella ka mokhoa o tsotehang tlas’a khatello.
  • Likhetho tsa PCR li se li hloekisitsoe ka ho lekaneng bakeng sa tlhahiso e phahameng ea tlhahiso.
  • Li-brand li ka finyella lipakane tsa ts'ebetso ha li ntse li boloka nako e telele e tiile.

Lits'oants'o tse hlakileng tsa PET li ka tlisoa kapele hakae?
Lebelo le bohlokoa ha ho qalisoa sehlahisoa - 'me PET e hlakileng ha e u khoehlise. Ka lebaka la thermoforming le prototyping ea hlobo e potlakileng, meralo e joalolibotlolo tsa dropper or lipompo tse se nang moeaho tloha mohopolong ho ea ho sethala se lokisitsoeng ka potlako ho feta kamoo u neng u ka lebella. Hang ha hlobo e se e setiloe, likhoele tsa ho tlatsa ka boiketsetso li nka sebaka ka nepo e bolokang nako le litšenyehelo.

Na resin ea moroetsana e ntse e le molemo ha motho e mong le e mong a bua ka ho e sebelisa hape?
Ehlile—empa eseng hobane ke sekolo sa khale.Moroetsana PET Resine fana ka ho hlaka le matla a ke keng a lekanngoa ao lihlahisoa tse ling tsa premium skincare li li hlokang. Ha u rekisa li-serum kapa litlolo tse majabajaba moo pepenene e leng karolo ea pale ea lebitso, ha ho letho le ka bapisoang.

Ke koalo efe e sebetsang hantle ka lijana tsa moriri tse mebala tse entsoeng ka polasetiki ea lapeng?Liphutheloana tse mebala-bala li hloka mefuta ea ho koala e lumellanang le botho ba eona:

  • Li-Flip-top caps li etsa hore ho be bonolo bakeng sa li-shampoo tse sebelisoang letsatsi le letsatsi.
  • Lisebelisoa tsa pompo li tsamaisana hantle le li-conditioner tse teteaneng.
  • Li-screw top li fana ka tšireletseho nakong ea sekepe—le khotso ea kelello lishelefong tsa mabenkele.

Na li-additives tse ka senyehang li senya ts'ebetso ea ho sebelisoa hape ka har'a liphutheloana tse bonolo tsa tikoloho?Eseng haeba ba khethiloe ka hloko. Li-additives tse ling li potlakisa ho senyeha ha feela tlas'a maemo a khethehileng a manyolo-ho siea ho sebelisoa hape ho sa sebetse nakong ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea tšebeliso. Leqheka le teng ho leka-lekanya ts'ebeliso ea nako e khuts'oane le tlhokomelo ea nako e telele ea tikoloho - motjeko lipakeng tsa mahlale le boikarabello libopeho tse ngata tse ncha li ntse li loka kajeno.

Litšupiso

  1. Tlhahlobo ea potoloho ea bophelo le potoloho ea polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - Lipatlisiso tsa Tikoloho (2023) -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393512301592X
  2. Ts'ebetso ea ho paka ka 2025: Ka hare ho likelello tsa bareki ba lefats'e - McKinsey -https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/packaging-and-paper/our-insights/sustainability-in-packaging-2025-inside-the-minds-of-global-consumers
  3. PET Thermoform Packaging Design Resource Document - APR (Plastic Recycling) -https://plasticsrecycling.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/RES-PET-01-Thermoforms.pdf
  4. Ho bopa ha Ente - Lihlooho tsa ScienceDirect -https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/injection-blow-molding
  5. Ho fana ka Meriana ea Letlalo le se nang Moea - Aptar -https://aptar.com/pharmaceutical/technologies/airless/
  6. PETRA - PET Resin Association (kakaretso ea lintho tse bonahalang le ho sebelisoa hape) -https://petresin.org/
  7. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) - Tataiso e khethehileng ea Chem Material -https://www.specialchem.com/plastics/guide/polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-plastic
  8. Ts'ebetso ea Thermoforming - Lihlooho tsa ScienceDirect -https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/thermoforming-process
  9. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: Tlhahlobo - Elsevier -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016424000677
  10. Ho bopa ha molumo - Wikipedia -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_molding
  11. Ho etsa ente - Wikipedia -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moulding
  12. Boithuto bo tiisa khabone e ntle haholo ea PET e sebelisitsoeng hape - ALPLA (thuto ea denkstatt, phokotso ea CO₂ ea 79%) -https://blog.alpla.com/en/press-release/newsroom/study-confirms-excellent-carbon-footprint-recycled-pet/08-17

Nako ea poso: Nov-10-2025